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class="section"><div class="container"><div class="columns"><div class="column is-8-tablet is-9-desktop is-9-widescreen has-order-2 column-main"><div class="card"><div class="card-image"><span class="image is-7by1"><img class="thumbnail" src="https://imgs.borgor.cn/imgs20190625084441.png" alt="WSGI简介"></span></div><div class="card-content article"><div class="level article-meta is-size-7 is-uppercase is-mobile is-overflow-x-auto"><div class="level-left"><time class="level-item has-text-grey" datetime="2017-09-01T08:57:41.000Z">2017-09-01</time><div class="level-item"><a class="has-link-grey -link" href="/categories/Development/">Development</a>&nbsp;/&nbsp;<a class="has-link-grey -link" href="/categories/Development/Python/">Python</a></div><span class="level-item has-text-grey">23 分钟 读完 (大约 3469 个字) </span><span class="level-item has-text-grey" id="busuanzi_container_page_pv"><i class="far fa-eye"></i> <span id="busuanzi_value_page_pv">0</span>次访问</span></div></div><h1 class="title is-size-3 is-size-4-mobile has-text-weight-normal">WSGI简介</h1><div class="content"><p><a href="https://segmentfault.com/a/1190000003069785" target="_blank" rel="noopener">原文链接</a></p><h2 id="WSGI是什么"><a href="#WSGI是什么" class="headerlink" title="WSGI是什么"></a>WSGI是什么</h2><p>WSGI的全称是<em>Web Server Gateway Interface</em>，翻译过来就是<em>Web服务器网关接口</em>。具体的来说，<strong>WSGI是一个规范，定义了Web服务器如何与Python应用程序进行交互，使得使用Python写的Web应用程序可以和Web服务器对接起来</strong>。WSGI一开始是在<a href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0333/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">PEP-0333</a>中定义的，最新版本是在Python的<a href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-3333/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">PEP-3333</a>定义的。</p><p>对于初学者来说，上面那段就是废话，说了跟没说一样。本文的主要内容就是说清楚，WSGI到底是如何工作的。</p><a id="more"></a><h3 id="为什么需要WSGI这个规范"><a href="#为什么需要WSGI这个规范" class="headerlink" title="为什么需要WSGI这个规范"></a>为什么需要WSGI这个规范</h3><p>在Web部署的方案上，有一个方案是目前应用最广泛的：</p><ul><li>首先，部署一个Web服务器专门用来处理HTTP协议层面相关的事情，比如如何在一个物理机上提供多个不同的Web服务（单IP多域名，单IP多端口等）这种事情。</li><li>然后，部署一个用各种语言编写（Java, PHP, Python, Ruby等）的应用程序，这个应用程序会从Web服务器上接收客户端的请求，处理完成后，再返回响应给Web服务器，最后由Web服务器返回给客户端。</li></ul><p>那么，要采用这种方案，Web服务器和应用程序之间就要知道如何进行交互。为了定义Web服务器和应用程序之间的交互过程，就形成了很多不同的规范。这种规范里最早的一个是[CGI]<a href>3</a>，1993年开发的。后来又出现了很多这样的规范。比如改进CGI性能的FasgCGI，Java专用的Servlet规范，还有Python专用的WSGI规范等。提出这些规范的目的就是为了定义统一的标准，提升程序的可移植性。在WSGI规范的最开始的PEP-333中一开始就描述了为什么需要WSGI规范。</p><h1 id="WSGI如何工作"><a href="#WSGI如何工作" class="headerlink" title="WSGI如何工作"></a>WSGI如何工作</h1><p>从上文可以知道，WSGI相当于是Web服务器和Python应用程序之间的桥梁。那么这个桥梁是如何工作的呢？首先，我们明确桥梁的作用，WSGI存在的目的有两个：</p><ol><li>让Web服务器知道如何调用Python应用程序，并且把用户的请求告诉应用程序。</li><li>让Python应用程序知道用户的具体请求是什么，以及如何返回结果给Web服务器。</li></ol><h2 id="WSGI中的角色"><a href="#WSGI中的角色" class="headerlink" title="WSGI中的角色"></a>WSGI中的角色</h2><p>在WSGI中定义了两个角色，Web服务器端称为<strong>server</strong>或者<strong>gateway</strong>，应用程序端称为<strong>application</strong>或者<strong>framework</strong>（因为WSGI的应用程序端的规范一般都是由具体的框架来实现的）。我们下面统一使用server和application这两个术语。</p><p>server端会先收到用户的请求，然后会根据规范的要求调用application端，如下图所示：</p><p><img src="https://imgs.borgor.cn/imgs/imgs-WSGI%E7%AE%80%E4%BB%8B-2019-6-25-11-1-56.png" alt></p><p>调用的结果会被封装成HTTP响应后再发送给客户端。</p><h2 id="server如何调用application"><a href="#server如何调用application" class="headerlink" title="server如何调用application"></a>server如何调用application</h2><p>首先，每个application的入口只有一个，也就是所有的客户端请求都同一个入口进入到应用程序。</p><p>接下来，server端需要知道去哪里找application的入口。这个需要在server端指定一个Python模块，也就是Python应用中的一个文件，并且这个模块中需要包含一个名称为<strong>application</strong>的可调用对象（函数和类都可以），这个<strong>application</strong>对象就是这个应用程序的唯一入口了。WSGI还定义了<strong>application</strong>对象的形式：</p><figure class="highlight python hljs"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">def</span> <span class="hljs-title">simple_app</span><span class="hljs-params">(environ, start_response)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">      <span class="hljs-keyword">pass</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure><p>上面代码中的<code>environ</code>和<code>start_response</code>就是server端调用<strong>application</strong>对象时传递的两个参数。</p><p>我们来看具体的例子。假设我们的应用程序的入口文件是<code>/var/www/index.py</code>，那么我们就需要在server端配置好这个路径（如何配置取决于server端的实现），然后在<code>index.py</code>中的代码如下所示：</p><p>使用标准库（这个只是demo）</p><p>上面代码中的<code>environ</code>和<code>start_response</code>就是server端调用<strong>application</strong>对象时传递的两个参数。</p><p>我们来看具体的例子。假设我们的应用程序的入口文件是<code>/var/www/index.py</code>，那么我们就需要在server端配置好这个路径（如何配置取决于server端的实现），然后在<code>index.py</code>中的代码如下所示：</p><p>使用标准库（这个只是demo）</p><figure class="highlight python hljs"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> wsgiref</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">application = wsgiref.simple_server.demo_app</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure><p>使用web.py框架</p><figure class="highlight python hljs"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> web</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">urls = (</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="hljs-string">'/.*'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'hello'</span>,</span><br><span class="line">)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="hljs-class"><span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">hello</span><span class="hljs-params">(object)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">def</span> <span class="hljs-title">GET</span><span class="hljs-params">(self)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> <span class="hljs-string">"Hello, world."</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">application = web.application(urls, globals()).wsgifunc()</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure><p>你可以看到，文件中都需要有一个<strong>application</strong>对象，server端会找到这个文件，然后调用这个对象。所以支持WSGI的Python框架最终都会有这么一个application对象，不过框架的使用者不需要关心这个application对象内部是如何工作的，只需要关心路由定义、请求处理等具体的业务逻辑。</p><p>因为application对象是唯一的入口，所以不管客户端请求的路径和数据是什么，server都是调用这个application对象，具体的客户端请求的处理有application对象完成。</p><h2 id="application对象需要做什么"><a href="#application对象需要做什么" class="headerlink" title="application对象需要做什么"></a>application对象需要做什么</h2><p>上面已经提到了，application对象需要是一个可调用对象，而且其定义需要满足如下形式：</p><figure class="highlight python hljs"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">def</span> <span class="hljs-title">simple_app</span><span class="hljs-params">(environ, start_response)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">      <span class="hljs-keyword">pass</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure><p>当server按照WSGI的规范调用了application之后，application就可以开始处理客户端的请求了，处理请求之后，application对象需要返回处理结果给server端。处理请求和返回结果这两个事情，都和server调用application对象时传递的两个参数有关。</p><h3 id="environ参数"><a href="#environ参数" class="headerlink" title="environ参数"></a>environ参数</h3><p>environ参数是一个Python的字典，里面存放了所有和客户端相关的信息，这样application对象就能知道客户端请求的资源是什么，请求中带了什么数据等。environ字典包含了一些CGI规范要求的数据，以及WSGI规范新增的数据，还可能包含一些操作系统的环境变量以及Web服务器相关的环境变量。我们来看一些environ中常用的成员：</p><p>首先是CGI规范中要求的变量：</p><ul><li><strong>REQUEST_METHOD</strong>： 请求方法，是个字符串，’GET’, ‘POST’等</li><li><strong>SCRIPT_NAME</strong>： HTTP请求的path中的用于查找到application对象的部分，比如Web服务器可以根据path的一部分来决定请求由哪个virtual host处理</li><li><strong>PATH_INFO</strong>： HTTP请求的path中剩余的部分，也就是application要处理的部分</li><li><strong>QUERY_STRING</strong>： HTTP请求中的查询字符串，URL中<strong>?</strong>后面的内容</li><li><strong>CONTENT_TYPE</strong>： HTTP headers中的content-type内容</li><li><strong>CONTENT_LENGTH</strong>： HTTP headers中的content-length内容</li><li><strong>SERVER_NAME</strong>和<strong>SERVER_PORT</strong>： 服务器名和端口，这两个值和前面的SCRIPT_NAME, PATH_INFO拼起来可以得到完整的URL路径</li><li><strong>SERVER_PROTOCOL</strong>： HTTP协议版本，HTTP/1.0或者HTTP/1.1</li><li><strong>HTTP_</strong>： 和HTTP请求中的headers对应。</li></ul><p>WSGI规范中还要求environ包含下列成员：</p><ul><li><strong>wsgi.version</strong>：表示WSGI版本，一个元组(1, 0)，表示版本1.0</li><li><strong>wsgi.url_scheme</strong>：http或者https</li><li><strong>wsgi.input</strong>：一个类文件的输入流，application可以通过这个获取HTTP request body</li><li><strong>wsgi.errors</strong>：一个输出流，当应用程序出错时，可以将错误信息写入这里</li><li><strong>wsgi.multithread</strong>：当application对象可能被多个线程同时调用时，这个值需要为True</li><li><strong>wsgi.multiprocess</strong>：当application对象可能被多个进程同时调用时，这个值需要为True</li><li><strong>wsgi.run_once</strong>：当server期望application对象在进程的生命周期内只被调用一次时，该值为True</li></ul><p>上面列出的这些内容已经包括了客户端请求的所有数据，足够application对象处理客户端请求了。</p><h3 id="start-resposne参数"><a href="#start-resposne参数" class="headerlink" title="start_resposne参数"></a>start_resposne参数</h3><p>start_response是一个可调用对象，接收两个必选参数和一个可选参数：</p><ul><li><strong>status</strong>: 一个字符串，表示HTTP响应状态字符串</li><li><strong>response_headers</strong>: 一个列表，包含有如下形式的元组：(header_name, header_value)，用来表示HTTP响应的headers</li><li><strong>exc_info</strong>（可选）: 用于出错时，server需要返回给浏览器的信息</li></ul><p>当application对象根据environ参数的内容执行完业务逻辑后，就需要返回结果给server端。我们知道HTTP的响应需要包含status，headers和body，所以在application对象将body作为返回值return之前，需要先调用<code>start_response()</code>，将status和headers的内容返回给server，这同时也是告诉server，application对象要开始返回body了。</p><h3 id="application对象的返回值"><a href="#application对象的返回值" class="headerlink" title="application对象的返回值"></a>application对象的返回值</h3><p>application对象的返回值用于为HTTP响应提供body，如果没有body，那么可以返回None。如果有body的化，那么需要返回一个可迭代的对象。server端通过遍历这个可迭代对象可以获得body的全部内容。</p><h3 id="application-demo"><a href="#application-demo" class="headerlink" title="application demo"></a>application demo</h3><p>PEP-3333中有一个application的实现demo，我把它再简化之后如下：</p><figure class="highlight python hljs"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">def</span> <span class="hljs-title">simple_app</span><span class="hljs-params">(environ, start_response)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">      status = <span class="hljs-string">'200 OK'</span></span><br><span class="line">      response_headers = [(<span class="hljs-string">'Content-type'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'text/plain'</span>)]</span><br><span class="line">      start_response(status, response_headers)</span><br><span class="line">      <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> [<span class="hljs-string">'hello, world'</span>]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure><p>可以将这段代码和前面的说明对照起来理解。</p><h2 id="再谈server如何调用application"><a href="#再谈server如何调用application" class="headerlink" title="再谈server如何调用application"></a>再谈server如何调用application</h2><p>前面已经知道server如何定位到application的入口了，也知道了application的入口的形式以及application对象内部需要完成的工作。那么，我们还需要再说一下，<code>environ</code>和<code>start_response()</code>是需要在server端的生成和定义的，其中关于<code>start_response()</code>的部分在规范中也有明确的要求。这部分内容太长了，不适合放在本文中，有兴趣的读者可以去看下PEP-3333，里面有一段server端的demo实现。</p><h1 id="WSGI中间件"><a href="#WSGI中间件" class="headerlink" title="WSGI中间件"></a>WSGI中间件</h1><p><strong>WSGI Middleware</strong>（中间件）也是WSGI规范的一部分。上一章我们已经说明了WSGI的两个角色：server和application。那么middleware是一种运行在server和application中间的应用（一般都是Python应用）。middleware同时具备server和application角色，对于server来说，它是一个application；对于application来说，它是一个server。middleware并不修改server端和application端的规范，只是同时实现了这两个角色的功能而已。</p><p>我们可以通过下图来说明middleware是如何工作的：</p><p><img src="https://imgs.borgor.cn/imgs/imgs-WSGI%E7%AE%80%E4%BB%8B-2019-6-25-11-2-3.png" alt></p><p>上图中最上面的三个彩色框表示角色，中间的白色框表示操作，操作的发生顺序按照1 ~ 5进行了排序，我们直接对着上图来说明middleware是如何工作的：</p><ol><li>Server收到客户端的HTTP请求后，生成了<code>environ_s</code>，并且已经定义了<code>start_response_s</code>。</li><li>Server调用Middleware的application对象，传递的参数是<code>environ_s</code>和<code>start_response_s</code>。</li><li>Middleware会根据<code>environ</code>执行业务逻辑，生成<code>environ_m</code>，并且已经定义了<code>start_response_m</code>。</li><li>Middleware决定调用Application的application对象，传递参数是<code>environ_m</code>和<code>start_response_m</code>。Application的application对象处理完成后，会调用<code>start_response_m</code>并且返回结果给Middleware，存放在<code>result_m</code>中。</li><li>Middleware处理<code>result_m</code>，然后生成<code>result_s</code>，接着调用<code>start_response_s</code>，并返回结果<code>result_s</code>给Server端。Server端获取到result_s后就可以发送结果给客户端了。</li></ol><p>从上面的流程可以看出middleware应用的几个特点：</p><ol><li>Server认为middleware是一个application。</li><li>Application认为middleware是一个server。</li><li>Middleware可以有多层。</li></ol><p>因为Middleware能过处理所有经过的request和response，所以要做什么都可以，没有限制。比如可以检查request是否有非法内容，检查response是否有非法内容，为request加上特定的HTTP header等，这些都是可以的。</p><h1 id="WSGI的实现和部署"><a href="#WSGI的实现和部署" class="headerlink" title="WSGI的实现和部署"></a>WSGI的实现和部署</h1><p>要使用WSGI，需要分别实现server角色和application角色。</p><p>Application端的实现一般是由Python的各种框架来实现的，比如Django, web.py等，一般开发者不需要关心WSGI的实现，框架会会提供接口让开发者获取HTTP请求的内容以及发送HTTP响应。</p><p>Server端的实现会比较复杂一点，这个主要是因为软件架构的原因。一般常用的Web服务器，如Apache和nginx，都不会内置WSGI的支持，而是通过扩展来完成。比如Apache服务器，会通过扩展模块mod_wsgi来支持WSGI。Apache和mod_wsgi之间通过程序内部接口传递信息，mod_wsgi会实现WSGI的server端、进程管理以及对application的调用。Nginx上一般是用proxy的方式，用nginx的协议将请求封装好，发送给应用服务器，比如uWSGI，应用服务器会实现WSGI的服务端、进程管理以及对application的调用。</p><div><h1>推荐文章<span style="font-size:.45em;color:gray">（由<a href="https://github.com/huiwang/hexo-recommended-posts" target="_blank" rel="noopener">hexo文章推荐插件</a>驱动）</span></h1><ul><li><a href="http://aleung.github.io/blog/2012/07/31/apigee/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">apigee</a></li></ul></div><script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/kity@2.0.4/dist/kity.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" 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class="has-mr-6">2.4</span> <span>再谈server如何调用application</span></a></li></ul></li><li><a class="is-flex" href="#WSGI中间件"><span class="has-mr-6">3</span> <span>WSGI中间件</span></a></li><li><a class="is-flex" href="#WSGI的实现和部署"><span class="has-mr-6">4</span> <span>WSGI的实现和部署</span></a></li><li><a class="is-flex" href="#undefined"><span class="has-mr-6">5</span> <span>推荐文章（由hexo文章推荐插件驱动）</span></a></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="card widget"><div class="card-content"><div class="menu"><h3 class="menu-label">分类</h3><ul class="menu-list"><li><a class="level is-marginless" href="/categories/AI/"><span class="level-start"><span class="level-item">AI</span> </span><span class="level-end"><span class="level-item tag">20</span></span></a><ul><li><a class="level is-marginless" href="/categories/AI/Machine-Learning/"><span class="level-start"><span class="level-item">Machine Learning</span> </span><span class="level-end"><span class="level-item tag">6</span></span></a></li><li><a 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